Eastwood Nursing & Rehab. Center v. DPW - 910 A.2d 134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006)
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/CWealth/out/1421CD05_11-3-06.pdf
DPW issued a Statement of Policy (SOP), which the petitioner argued was an improper and ineffective unpromulgated regulation. "It is well settled law that an agency's substantive regulations, when properly enacted under the Commonwealth Documents Law (CDL), [45 P.S. sec. 1102-1602] have the force and effect of law and enjoy a general presumption of reasonableness....The CDL defines a 'regulation' as 'any rule or regulation, or order in the nature of a rule or regulation, promulgated by an agency under statutory authority in the administration of any statute administered by or relating to the agency....' 45 P.S. § 1102(12). When an agency issues a regulation, the CDL requires the agency to provide notice of a proposed rule to the public, receive comments from interested parties, and hold hearings when appropriate. 45 P.S. §§ 1201, 1202...."
"Conversely, an interpretive rule, referred to in Section 102 of the CDL as a"statement of policy," is defined as: 'any document, except an adjudication or a regulation, promulgated by an agency which sets forth substantive or procedural personal or property rights, privileges, immunities, duties, liabilities or obligations of the public or any part thereof, and includes, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, any document interpreting or implementing any act of Assembly enforced or administered by such agency. 45 P.S. § 1102(13). In other words, a statement of policy is 'one that tracks a statute and does not expand upon its plain meaning; such a rule need not be issued in accord with the CDL.' " (emphasis added)
In PHRC v. Norristown Area School District, 374 A.2d 671, 679 (Pa. 1977), the Supreme Court "articulated the distinction between substantive rules which must be promulgated through rule-making procedures and statements of policy which require no such procedures" as follows: The critical distinction between a substantive rule and a general statement of policy is the different practical effect that these two types of pronouncements have in subsequent administrative proceedings. . . . A properly adopted substantive rule establishes a standard of conduct which has the force of law. . . . The underlying policy embodied in the rule is not generally subject to challenge before the agency. general statement of policy, on the other hand, does not establish a 'binding norm'. [It is not finally determinative of the issues or rights to which it is addressed. The agency cannot apply or rely upon a general statement of policy as law because a general statement of policy only announces what the agency seeks to establish as policy.] A policy statement announces the agency's tentative intentions for the future. When the agency applies the policy in a particular situation, it must be prepared to support the policy just as if the policy statement had never been issued. "
The statement of policy is an "informational device...[which] erves several beneficial functions. By providing a formal method by which an agency can express its views, the general statement of policy encourages public dissemination of the agency's policies prior to their actual application in particular situations. Thus the agency's initial views do not remain secret but are disclosed well in advance of their actual application. Additionally, the publication of a general statement of policy facilitates long range planning within the regulated industry and promotes uniformity in areas of national concern.
"A regulation is a governmental agency's exercise of delegated legislative power to create a mandatory standard of beha-vior. A regulation is binding on a reviewing court if it conforms to the grant of delegated power, is issued in accordance with proper procedures, and is reasonable. In contrast, a statement of policy is a governmental agency's statutory interpretation which a court may accept or reject depending upon how accurately the agency's interpretation reflects the meaning of the statute.....
"Pennsylvania follows the 'binding norm test' to assess whether an agency's pronouncement is a regulation or a statement of policy..... 'A binding norm' means that the agency is bound by the statement until the agency repeals it, and if the statement is binding on the agency, it is a regulation . [I]n determining whether an agency action is a regulation or a statement of policy, one must look to the extent to which the challenged pronouncement leaves the agency free to exercise discretion to follow or not follow the announced policy in an individual case...... In ascertaining whether an agency has established a binding norm, the reviewing court must consider: (1) the plain language of the provision; (2) the manner in which the agency has implemented the provision; and, (3) whether the agency's discretion is restricted by the provision. "
Monday, March 26, 2007
public employment - right of accompaniment by union rep.
Commonwealth, Office of Administration v. PLRB - Supreme Court - Feb. 20, 2007
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/Supreme/out/J-14-2006mo.pdf
Under the state Public Employee Relations Act, 43 P.S. 1101.101 et seq., a public employee has the right to be accompanied by a union representative during an interview in which the employee reasonably fears that discipline may be imposed by the employer. Such a right of accompaniment during an investigatory interview includes the employee's choice of a union representative, when the representative is reasonably available and there are no extenuating circumstances.
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/Supreme/out/J-14-2006mo.pdf
Under the state Public Employee Relations Act, 43 P.S. 1101.101 et seq., a public employee has the right to be accompanied by a union representative during an interview in which the employee reasonably fears that discipline may be imposed by the employer. Such a right of accompaniment during an investigatory interview includes the employee's choice of a union representative, when the representative is reasonably available and there are no extenuating circumstances.
admin. law - agency interpretation of statute
Malt Beverages Distributors Assn. v. Liquor Control Board - Cmwlth. Court- Feb. 23, 2007
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/CWealth/out/896CD06_2-23-07.pdf
While courts traditionally accord the interpretation of the agency charged with administation of a statute some deference, the meaning of a statute is essentially a question of law for the court. Generally an administrative agency's interpretation of a statute for which it has enforcement responsibility is entitled to substantial deference. However, where an administative interpretation is inconsistent with the statute itself, or where the statutes's meaning is unambiguous, such an interpretation carries little or no weight.
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/CWealth/out/896CD06_2-23-07.pdf
While courts traditionally accord the interpretation of the agency charged with administation of a statute some deference, the meaning of a statute is essentially a question of law for the court. Generally an administrative agency's interpretation of a statute for which it has enforcement responsibility is entitled to substantial deference. However, where an administative interpretation is inconsistent with the statute itself, or where the statutes's meaning is unambiguous, such an interpretation carries little or no weight.
admin. law - agency interpretation of its own regulations
Tire Jockey Services, Inc. v. Dept. of Environmental Protection - Pa. S.Ct. - February 20, 2007
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/Supreme/out/J-30-2005mo.pdf
There is a two-step analysis when reviewing an agency's interpretation of its governing regulations: (1) whether the interpretation is erroneous or inconsistent with the regulations, and 2) whether the regulation is consistent with the statute under which it was promulgated.
When an agency adopts a regulation pursuant to it own legislative rule-making power, as opposed to its interpretive rule-making power, it is valid and binding on courts as a statute, so long as it is a) adopted within the agency's granted power, b) issued pursuant to proper procedure, and c) reasonable.
When a court reviews a regulation issued pursuant to an agency's legislative rule-making power, the court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the agency to demonstrate that the agency has exceeded its administrative authority. It is not enough that the prescribed system may appear to be unwise or burdensome of inferior to another. Lack of wisdom in exercising agency power is not equivalent to abuse. What has been ordered must appear to be so entirely at odds with fundamental principles as to be the expression of a whim rather than an exercise of judgment.
Regarding the reasonableness prong, appellate courts accord deference to agencies and reverse agency determinations only if they were made in bad faith or they constituted a manifest or flagrant abuse of discretion or a purely arbitrary execution of the agency's duties or functions.
http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/Supreme/out/J-30-2005mo.pdf
There is a two-step analysis when reviewing an agency's interpretation of its governing regulations: (1) whether the interpretation is erroneous or inconsistent with the regulations, and 2) whether the regulation is consistent with the statute under which it was promulgated.
When an agency adopts a regulation pursuant to it own legislative rule-making power, as opposed to its interpretive rule-making power, it is valid and binding on courts as a statute, so long as it is a) adopted within the agency's granted power, b) issued pursuant to proper procedure, and c) reasonable.
When a court reviews a regulation issued pursuant to an agency's legislative rule-making power, the court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the agency to demonstrate that the agency has exceeded its administrative authority. It is not enough that the prescribed system may appear to be unwise or burdensome of inferior to another. Lack of wisdom in exercising agency power is not equivalent to abuse. What has been ordered must appear to be so entirely at odds with fundamental principles as to be the expression of a whim rather than an exercise of judgment.
Regarding the reasonableness prong, appellate courts accord deference to agencies and reverse agency determinations only if they were made in bad faith or they constituted a manifest or flagrant abuse of discretion or a purely arbitrary execution of the agency's duties or functions.
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